Showing posts with label New York Times. Show all posts
Showing posts with label New York Times. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 18, 2015

Escaping Reality With Brazil’s Globo TV

NOV. 10, 2015

Vanessa Barbara
SÃO PAULO, Brazil — Last year, The Economist published an article about TV Globo, Brazil’s largest broadcast network. It reported that “91 million people, just under half the population, tune in to it each day: The sort of audience that, in the United States, is to be had only once a year, and only for the one network that has won the rights that year to broadcast American football’s Super Bowl championship game.”

That figure might seem exaggerated, but all it takes is a walk around the block for it to look conservative. Everywhere I go there’s a television turned on, usually to Globo, and everybody is staring hypnotically at it.

Not surprisingly, a 2011 study supported by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics found the percentage of households with a television set in 2011 (96.9) was higher than the percentage of those with a refrigerator (95.8), and that 64 percent had more than one television set. Other researchers have found that Brazilians watch four hours and 31 minutes of TV per weekday, and four hours and 14 minutes on weekends; 73 percent watch TV every day and only 4 percent never regularly watch television. (I’m one of the latter.)

Among them, Globo is ubiquitous. Although its audience has been declining for decades, its share is still about 34 percent. Its nearest competitor, Record, has 15 percent.

So what does this all-pervading presence mean? In a country where education lags (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development recently ranked us 60th among 76 countries in average performance on international student achievement tests), it would imply that one set of values and social perspectives is very widely shared. Furthermore, being Latin America’s biggest media company, Globo can exert considerable influence on our politics.

One example: Two years ago, in a bland apology, Globo confessed to having supported Brazil’s military dictatorship between 1964 and 1985. “In the light of history, however,” it said, “there is no reason to not recognize explicitly today that this support was a mistake, and that other editorial decisions in the period that followed were also wrong.”

With these hazards in mind, and in the name of good journalism, I watched a whole day of Globo programming on a recent Tuesday, to see what I could learn about the values and the ideas it promotes.

The first thing most people watch each morning is the local news, then the national news. From those, one might infer that there is nothing more important in life than the weather and the traffic. The fact that our president, Dilma Rousseff, faces a serious risk of impeachment and that her main political opponent, Eduardo Cunha, the speaker of the lower house of Congress, is being investigated for embezzlement, get less airtime than the details of traffic jams. Those bulletins are updated at least six times a day, with the anchors chatting amicably, like old aunts at teatime, about the heat or the rain.

From the morning talk shows and other programs, I grasped that the secret of life is to be famous, rich, vaguely religious and “do bem” (those who stand on the side of good). Everybody on-air loved everyone else and smiled all the time. Wondrous tales were told of people with disabilities who had the willpower to succeed in their jobs. Specialists and celebrities discussed that and other topics with remarkable superficiality.

I decided to skip the afternoon programs — mostly reruns of soap operas and Hollywood movies — and go straight to the prime-time news.

Ten years ago, a Globo anchorman, William Bonner, compared the average viewer of the news program Jornal Nacional to Homer Simpson — incapable of understanding complex news. From what I saw, this standard still applies. A segment on a water shortage in São Paulo, for example, was highlighted by a reporter, standing at the local zoo, who said ironically: “You can see the worried look of the lion about the water crisis.”

Watching Globo means getting used to platitudes and tired formulas; many news scripts include little puns at the end, or an inanity from a bystander. “Dunga said he likes to smile,” one reporter said about the coach of Brazil’s national soccer team. Often, a few seconds are devoted to disturbing news like a revelation that São Paulo would keep operational data about the state’s water supply secret for 15 years, while full minutes are lavished on items like “the rescue of a drowning man that caused awe and surprise in a little town.”

The rest of the evening was filled with soap operas, from which you could learn that women always wear heavy makeup, huge earrings, polished nails, tight skirts, high heels and straight hair. (On those counts, I guess I’m not a woman.) Female characters are good or bad, but unanimously thin. They fight one another over men. Their ultimate purposes in life are to wear a wedding dress, give birth to a blond-haired baby or appear on television, or all of the above. Normal people have butlers in their homes, where hot male plumbers visit and seduce bored housewives.

Two of the three current soap operas talk about favelas, but with little resemblance to reality. Politically, they tend toward conservatism. “A Regra do Jogo,” for example, has a character who, in one episode, claims to be a human rights lawyer working with Amnesty International in order to smuggle bomb-making materials to imprisoned criminals. The advocacy organization publicly complained about that, accusing Globo of trying to defame human rights workers throughout Brazil.

Despite the high technical level of production, the novelas were painful to watch, with their thick doses of prejudice, melodrama, lame dialogue and clichés.

But they had their effect. At the end of the day, I felt less concerned about the water crisis or the possibility of another military coup — just like the apathetic lion and the empty women of the soap operas.
Correction: November 10, 2015

An earlier version of this article incorrectly described a brief report by Globo television about the status of operational data on São Paulo’s water supply. The report said the data would be kept secret for 15 years, not that it had been kept secret for 25 years.
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Vanessa Barbara is a columnist for the Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo and the editor of the literary website A Hortaliça.

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Source: New York Times (USA)
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/opinion/international/escaping-reality-with-brazils-globo-tv.html?_r=2

In Portuguese:
Deu no New York Times: “Rede Globo, a ‘TV irrealidade’ que ilude o Brasil”

Saturday, September 19, 2015

Cómo convirtieron a Hitler en una celebrity con ayuda del New York Times

Mucho se ha hablado del poder de la propaganda nazi y muy poco de su mayor logro: convertir a un hombre feo, rencoroso, homicida y bajito en un carismático seductor de masas
Adolf Hitler nos abre las puertas de su casa en los Alpes
Lo cuenta Despina Stratigakos, historiadora de la Universidad de Buffalo, en su reciente libro Hitler at Home, (Yale University Press), la devastadora historia de cómo convirtieron a un sociópata gafotas de pelo raro y ambiciones artísticas en el irresistible hombre de Estado que encadiló a la mitad de las bellas hermanas Mitford y a una generación de Miss Brodies, antes de desencadenar el capítulo más negro de nuestra historia moderna.

“Los años 30 marcan el principio de la cultura de las celebrities, cuando llega el cine sonoro, la radio y las revistas aspiracionales", explica la académica. Y el gabinete de propaganda nazi aprovechó la oportunidad para transformarlo en lo que no era, un hombre interesante y refinado con una gran categoría moral y gusto por la arquitectura. "Lo consiguieron enfatizando su vida privada, mostrándole como un hombre que juega con sus perros y al que le gustan los niños, haciendo cosas domésticas en entornos diseñados para evocar una sensación de calidez. A finales de los años 30, los medios de todo el mundo lo describían como un individuo delicado y cariñoso, con buen gusto para la decoración de interiores".

Adolf Hitler nos abre las puertas de su casa

“Después de leer aquellas historias -continúa Stratigakos- la gente empezó a pensar que conocía al 'verdadero' Hitler, el el hombre detrás de la máscara del Führer, y que puede que esta persona no fuera tan diabólica como las noticias que venían de Europa parecían sugerir".

El 20 de agosto de 1939, el New York Times le sacaba un fotogénico reportaje en su bonito chalé de madera en los Alpes Bávaros cerca de Berchtesgaden que se compró en 1927 con fondos del partido y al que llamaban Haus Wachenfeld. Hitler, su propio arquitecto, decía el titular. Las fotos le muestran disfrutando de momentos de intimidad, leyendo el periódico en una mesa adornada con flores, 12 días antes de invadir Polonia.

La casa, "adornada con armonía, según la mejor tradición alemana" y cargada con cortinas limpias y alfombras hechas a mano para "crear una atmósfera de callada alegría", había sido decorada por su diseñadora favorita, Gerdy Troost, que le fue fiel hasta el último minuto. Literalmente: pocas semanas antes de que Adolf Hitler bajara al búnker por última vez, Troost le propuso refrescar el Gran Hall de la cancillería con una capa de pintura para animar el ambiente, "un trabajo pequeño que sólo duraría un par de días".

El seguimiento del Times de las andanzas del nervioso austríaco empezó una década antes. En los años de auge y establecimiento del régimen nazi, el periódico publicó notas frecuentes sobre el líder nazi, incluyendo entrevistas a su peluquero ( "escribió al Führer sobre su mechón rebelde y se tomaron medidas"), comparaciones con Jesucristo (o simplemente "un enviado divino") y otras estampas como su asistencia al funeral de la hermana de Nietszche (cuyas obras completas le regaló a su amigo el Duce por su 60 cumpleaños) o sus declaraciones contra la violencia contra los judíos.

Hitler, el anfitrión encantador

No fueron los únicos ni tampoco los primeros. El número de noviembre de 1938 de la edición británica de Casa & Jardín coincidió con la Noche de los Cristales Rotos, cuando las SA quemaron un millar de sinagogas, destruyeron más de 7.000 negocios judíos y mataron a un centenar de personas, además de arrestar a otras 30.000 y mandarlas a Buchenwald, Dachau y Sachsenhausen. La revista, sin embargo, ofrecía un paseo por la casa Wachenfeld, firmado por un tal William George Fitzgerald, seudónimo de Ignatius Phayre. Esto es lo que dijo de su cómodo pero modesto retiro:


"Originalmente una cabaña de caza, “Haus Wachenfeld” ha crecido hasta convertirse en el atractivo chalé bávaro que está hoy, a 2.000 pies en el Obersalzburg, rodeado de bosques de pinos y árboles frutales.

El lugar tiene la mejor vista de toda Europa. Esto es decir mucho, ya lo sé. Pero en estos Alpes bávaros hay una clase especial de suave follaje, con cascadas de blanco nevado y cumbres cubiertas de bosque. El efecto de la luz y el aire en la casa se ve intensificado por el gorgeo y el trino de los canarios Harzer que hay en la mayoría de las habitaciones, colgando de jaulas doradas.

Y no vayan a pensar que sus invitados de fin de semana son todos, o la mayoría, altos cargos del Estado. A Hitler le agrada la compañía de brillantes extranjeros, especialmente pintores, cantantes y músicos. Como anfitrión, es un divertido contador de cuentos.

Un chef bávaro, Herr Dannenberg, prepara un impresionate despliegue de platos vegetarianos, salados y sabrosos, tan agradables a la vista como lo son al paladar, todo de acuerdo al estándar alimenticio que exige Hitler. Pero en la casa Wachenfeld hay también una generosa mesa para invitados de otros gustos. Aquí los bons viveurs como el mariscal de campo Goering y Joachim von Ribbentrop se reúnen para cenar."

Menos de un año más tarde, Alemania invadió Polonia. Inglaterra y Francia le declararon la guerra.

Source: El Diario
http://www.eldiario.es/cultura/historia/Hitler-asesor-imagen-genio_0_426257675.html

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